Online Baby Supplies

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A Baby Footprint Makes A Great Baby Shower Invitation

If you are like many people you can easily get stuck when it comes to the baby shower invitation.

Finding the location, creating the guest lists and buying a cake can seem easy compared to picking the right invitation.

The baby shower invitation will be the first impression that the guests will have of the event.

It is therefore important to convey a message through the baby shower invitation.

One really fun and very popular way to do this is use a baby footprint in the invitation.

It is hard to resist the charm of a tiny little baby footprint.

Baby shower invitations with a footprint are so irresistible be will just have to come to the shower.

So here are some creative ideas that you can use in creating your own baby shower footprint invitation.

1. Printed

   A simple printed baby footprint can be a ton of fun.

   You can use a silhouette of a baby footprint to make the design.

   This will show the heel, toes and side of the foot.

   It will look as if a baby stepped in ink and then stamped the card with their feet.

   You can find clip art online by searching, use a stamp, use a real baby or even just freehand draw your own.

   To put a little action into the baby shower footprint invitation you can make a series of footprints and make them decrease in size from large to smaller.

   This will give the illusion that the person leaving the prints is walking into the card.

   This is a great way to draw the attention of the viewer into the card and then place your important text information right above this.

2. Stamps

   Stamping has become a very popular craft and is use widely among printers and crafters in the business of making invitations.

   You can easily purchase baby footprint stamps of varying sizes from your local craft store or on the Internet.

   These can make a fun and fancy decoration to the invitation.

   There are so many things you can do by varying the colors, size of the stamp and the paper the possibilities are really endless.

   For example pick a cute pink (for girls) or a blue (for boys) ink pad and stamp a tiny border made up of footprints all around the invitation.

   Don't worry to much about making them all straight or in line just have fun and stamp at random.

   This will give the invitation a light fun feeling.

   As an alternative you can purchase a large stamp and simply stamp a big filled in silhouetted image smack dab in the middle of the invitation.

   Then you can creatively with fun colored pens write all around the footprint following the outline of it.

   This makes another fun creative and even whimsical invitation.

3. Embossing

   This is where the baby footprint is raised from the page.

   There are two types of embossing.

   The first is by using a professional printer and paying to have the cards done.

   A printer can actually emboss the paper and have a raised footprint right in the paper.

   A baby footprint embossed onto a beautifully textured pure white piece of paper can look very elegant!

   If you are the do it yourself type it is very easy to purchase an embossing powder in stamping or craft store.

   These come in all kinds of fun colors but often gold or silver embossing powder can look very elegant!

   With embossing powder you will need a stamp and some ink.

   You start by stamping the invitation with the baby footprint stamp first.

   Then before the ink dries you poor some of the embossing powder on the stamped area.

   The embossing powder will stick tot he wet ink.

   You can then hold the piece of paper over a light bulb or use an embossing gun to heat the powder.

   Once it gets hot it will melt and adhere to the paper.

   This makes a fun and easy way to have a very elegant gold embossed baby footprint shower invitation.

4. Cut Out

   With this technique you will want to find some stiff paper.

   Then you will pencil in an outline of a baby footprint and cut it out.

   You can also make a simple stencil suing a file folder and then quickly trace around the stencil and cut out to speed up the process and make the results more uniform.

   Then on the baby of the cut out footprint you can write all of your important baby shower details.

   Where it will take place, RSVP information and so forth.

   Either way that you choose the important thing to remember is to have fun in creating the baby shower invitation footprint.

   Get some friends to help you if you plan on making your own invitations as this will speed up the entire process.

   It can also be more fun with a group of girlfriends around a table talking and having a good time then cutting 25 baby shower footprint invitations all by yourself.

   As an addition to the fun, baby shower footprint invitation, it can be lots of fun to continue with the footprint theme in decorating for the part.

   You can use the same stamps and decorations that you used on the invitation in other places to decorate for the shower.

About the Author

My-First-Room are a small boutique-style nursery and decorating store on eBay.com, containing everything you need to create a breathtaking nursery or bedroom.  We pride ourselves in offering a beautiful collection of all of the things needed to make your little one's nursery or bedroom absolutely stunning.  Most of our items are made to order by our dedicated team to help you achieve a look that is personally tailored and unique to your child.  It is a delight to share our products with you and to offer a secure on line shopping experience.  Looking for something different?  We are willing to help and advise you every step of the way in producing a stunning room for your child.  New products and images are added daily so please continue to visit our auctions regularly.

Catherine Wheel Stitch Baby Seat Cover - From Viewer

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Cute Monkey Shoes for Fun-loving Kids

There are a number of soft sole baby shoes for fun-loving playful kids. Crib shoes that are made with high-quality materials are a great choice for adventurous kids. You can choose from a variety of baby boy shoes and baby girl shoes that are available at many online stores.

My son Calvin is a fun-loving kid. He's always bouncing about, never staying in one place. So, when I decided to buy soft soled baby shoes for him, I knew I had to go for strong and durable baby boy shoes that have anti-slip soles. I wanted a cute pair of crib shoes for him, something that suited his effervescent nature, comfortable to wear, and affordable as well.

As I went online to get him that perfect pair of soft soled shoes, I found that there was a large a variety of crib shoes in different designs and shapes available in different stores. But none of them fit my requirements – they either didn't suit him or were completely beyond my budget or weren't the proper size. I almost lost hope when I came by this site - CuteBabyShoes.com.

I realised I had struck gold when I discovered this site. I was flabbergasted by the variety of shoes displayed on this online store. Each shoe looked more cute and cuddly than the last. They had baby shoes with animal characters like frogs, bees, lobsters and other designs such as red cherries, football, car, gum ball, and flames. The choice was endless. There were boy baby shoes, baby girl shoes and unisex shoes in a variety of mind boggling styles and models.

Then I saw them - those perfect shoes my son was going to love. It was the Cream Monkey Shoe and it looked absolutely adorable. I loved them because they were absolutely affordable! These shoes were made of soft buttery leather and had soft padded soles to keep my baby's feet warm and dry. Using the size chart they had displayed on the web page, I ordered the correct size for my son. I got those crib shoes in just a few days and they perfectly fit Calvin's feet!

So, if you are planning to buy baby shoes for your little tot, don't hesitate to checkout this amazing online shoe store.

About the Author

CuteBabyShoes.com is an online store that has a large collection of boy and Girl Baby Shoes. Soft Soled Baby Shoes available here are designed to offer the utmost comfort and protection to your baby's tender feet.

BebeCannelle presents Pololo natural leather baby soft shoes sold on BebeCannelle.com

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Instant Baby Sleep MP3 Soundtrack Review – Sleeping is as Fast as Lightning

Are you staying up the whole night just to make your baby sleep? Are you tired of passing 12 midnight mark and your baby is still awake? Are you exhausted waking up now and then when your baby is waking up over and over again?

Well, you do not have to do all these from now one. There's a soundtrack out now that can actually make your baby fall asleep in just minutes or even seconds! With this, you do not have to deal with late night waking ups and you do not have to be exhausted when you wake up in the morning. That's a life, isn't it? Good thing Instant Baby Sleep MP3 Soundtrack is out. Now, you will be able to get your baby asleep in no time.

I am a mother, but I am also a businesswoman. That is why I use Instant Baby Sleep MP3 Soundtrack so that I do not have to spend so much time making my baby fall asleep. I am tired from work and I do not want to be blacked out from exhaustion making my baby sleep. And I know, a lot of mothers suffer the fate that I had before I had the soundtrack.

Mothers like me have the role of putting your baby to sleep. Fathers can also do this but I know that you know that mothers are really the ones doing this type of thing. We apply different methods just to bring them to sleep. We cradle them while singing, we place them into baby cradles and we even play them just so they'd get tired and fall asleep. But all these can take a lot of hours. Because of this, you won't be able to do household chores and even have a rest of your own!

Do not worry my fellow parents; the Instant Baby Sleep MP3 Soundtrack is now here. In just mere minutes, your child will fall asleep and well, in some cases, so do you! Yes, it's that relaxing. You can use it not just for your baby but also for your husband as he is stressed out from work. You can use this to calm your mind and have a peaceful rest. Interested? It's available here at http://bit.ly/InstantBabySleepMp3Soundtrack. When you let your baby hear this, surely, sleeping would be as fast as lightning.

About the Author

Michelle talks about important solutions that can be found on the Internet regarding parenting and families. She understands the needs of a child in a family and how important it is to educate and nurture kids the right way, which is why she contributes quality articles to ArticlesBase.com.

The Baby in the Cradle

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babybjorn-eb.wmv

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Baby Jogging Strollers Can Be Fun And Healthy

Mom or Dads who want to jog in the great outdoor with their little ones know how important it is to get a baby jogging stroller that is comfy for you and your kiddo or twins that is not only safe but can handle the wears and tears of jogging.

What are some of the things one should consider before purchasing a jogging stroller and not some hot rod baby stroller? Considering that this stroller is going to be on the road, you want a well-built jogger that has good quality shocks and is heavy duty (not necessarily heavy in weight). Don't make the mistake of settling for a cheaper price jogging stroller for one with less stability.

How old is your child? Your child's age has to be taken into consideration before you buy. Do you have twins? Then a baby jogger 2 stroller may be for your consideration. Remember, it is unadvisable to have a baby under 6 months old in a jogging stroller while you are taking a run. You might be enjoying it but the baby may not be.

So now you have purchase your Texas Longhorns Baby Stroller, what do you need to do. First of all there are some minor adjustments that need to be made before heading out on the open road. First you want to adjust the handlebar to your height. This will give your and your baby a comfortable and stable jog and ride.

This may sound silly to you but take a practice run a few times without your kiddo in the jogger. This will give you a feel for the handling of it and to make sure you can turn and stop it without any trouble. Being able to stop is a very important part of pushing a watermelon baby stroller or other jogging strollers. Don't forget it will become heavier and that is carrying a very precious cargo. Make sure you are to maneuver it easily.
You are set for your first run. Do you have everything? You got a kid and kids can't hold it so they wear diapers. Don't forget diapers or your jog maybe cut short. You might want stop and think about anything else you or your child might need on the run.

Is your child healthy? It is something to think about before strapping that little tot or tots into the jogging stroller. If it is cold outside, be sure to bundle up your kiddo. Bottom-line, dress your child according to the running environmental you will be jogging in. You may get hot running or warm but that doesn't mean your tot is warm. Just some food for thought. The stroller is probably getting wind which means the occupant is also. To have fun for you and keep your child healthy, remember to keep him or her warm or cool and shaded. Sunscreen is a must on sunny days not only for you but for your little one.

We buckle our kids into their seat belts when we get into a car. Be sure to strap your child in with the full harness. If you have to stop suddenly, you don't want him or her to spill out onto the street or sidewalk. Strapping them in securely prevents them from getting shaken or also keeps their hands and fingers in and away from becoming tangled in the wheels.

Using a jogger stroller is never an excuse to take your hands off the stroller. You need to remain in constant control of the stroller at all times. The strollers are made to need little or no resistance. They are designed to move easily while running but they could possible get away from you if you don't have control of them. Trying to catch a stroller with a mind of their own makes it very difficult and unsafe for your child.

About the Author

Jerbob Johnson owns the
Cheap Baby Jogging Strollers
store as well as several other successful baby websites. Our jogging stroller auctions can save your money and are also fun. Visit Cheap Baby Jogging Strollers to find and bid on the best baby jogger to meet your needs.

GLEE - Baby, It's Cold Outside (Full Performance from 12/7)

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Here Are Some Of The Major Benefits Linked With Different Strollers

When it comes to raising young kids no tool has been really helpful to the parent than the creation of the stroller. Strollers offer parents the chance to bring their kids with them throughout the various activities they participate in without the need to keep a relentless hold on the child. Strollers provide comfy and serene environments for kids to relax in whereas traveling to the various locations their family visits.

Other than the above, there will be some protection and security to your child thus that you'll just keep calm and relish without panicking concerning your child. The stroller is constantly being advanced with the most common models being found with umbrella strollers, jogging strollers and light-weight baby strollers.

UMBRELLA STROLLERS: Umbrella strollers are designed to accomplish one major goal, to be helpful to the dad or mum whereas furnishing safety for the baby. One of the most important advantage of umbrella strollers are, it is lightweigth, easy to carry around and it will be folded terribly simply into a very compressed size. Like an umbrella that expands to shield you from the rain, in the identical way, this small sized umbrella strollers can offer straightforward storage and a quick solution to securing your kid whereas traveling.

JOGGING STROLLERS: Jogging strollers symbolize a unique style that's specifically created to Provide the kid with a swish ride whereas the mother or father is participating in vigorous activity. One of the most important complaints of new parents is that they do not have the opportunity to take care of their own health and jogging strollers give that solution. Their large bicycle style wheels and built in suspension provide the kid with a comfortable atmosphere while the parent has the opportunity to push a jogging stroller that can not jam on the tiniest of pebbles.

LIGHTWEIGHT BABY STROLLERS: Light-weight baby strollers offer you a nice choice with reference to transferring young kids from automobile to stroller. Benefiting from the automotive seat, light-weight baby strollers are light-weight frames that oldsters can open to suit the automotive seat into place. The benefits of lightweight baby strollers is that they provide smooth transitions from vehicle to stroller, permitting the kid to be undisturbed and the parent to advance through their day with limited interruption.

About the Author

There are various styles of strollers outside of the favored umbrella strollers, jogging strollers, and lightweight baby strollers. To search out the right stroller to fit your family's desires move to http://www.limevine.com/reviews/stroller/how-to-buy-a-used-baby-stroller/

TFK Trends for Kids Stroller Review - Video

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Big Sister and Big Brother Gifts

When a new baby is born in the family, all the attention is showered to that baby. Adults in the family are spending most of their time with their new bundle of joy. Little did they know that the other children are starting to be jealous and are slowly manifesting hostile reactions toward their new sibling. If left disregarded, these hostile reactions could lead to hatred to the baby and cause actions that could hurt the baby physically.

Parents should always be aware of their other children's feelings. They should assure them that everything will be okay and that no matter what happens, the parents are there to be with them. The other children should be well-prepared emotionally even still the baby is yet to arrive. In this way, they won't be surprised by the addition to their family and would gladly accept the baby with loving arms.

Parents should also engage their other children into watching and taking care of the baby, so that they will develop a sense of responsibility with regards to their younger sibling. Encourage them also to bond with the baby through constant talking and playing with him to strengthen their sibling relationship.

Never miss a single opportunity to shower your other children with time and attention that they need. Take time to bond with them so that they may not feel left-out just because there is a new baby in the family. They still need your tender loving care and appreciation on their achievements even just in small ways. This stage is very critical to them since they always feel that they are not getting anymore attention from you.

The arrival of the new baby is always coupled with lots of gifts intended for the baby. With these new things surrounding your new bundle of joy, your other children are sure to feel envious on the outpouring of gifts for the baby. As parents, you have to shower your other children with lots of gifts also to make feel that they are also as important as the new baby. Whenever you buy something for the new baby, don't forget to buy also gifts for the other children.

There are a lot of gifts suited for your toddlers nowadays. You can give them big and attractive set of coloring books, stuffed toys, educational books to enhance their learning prowess, and toys suitable for budding toddlers. Among of these toys include Push and pull toys, Ride-on toys, pedal cars, activity learning table, small wagons, sporty toys and a lot more. You can even give them a puzzle to keep them entertained for a long time, for you to take time also with your baby.

To help them develop the big sister or brother responsibility and attachment, you can give them gifts that promote responsible behaviours for their young sibling. You can give them a shirt with name embroidery attached that says "I'm a big sister(brother)"or something like "I love my baby brother(sister)". You can also give them a baby doll for them to practice their new responsibilities with. It's like hitting two birds with one stone. They get to have fun with these gifts, at the same time it's a learning process for them to slowly adapt to situations like having a new baby around in the family.

About the Author

Big sister gifts and big brother gifts are easy to buy. Free Shipping to the lower 48 states.

Mr.Big - Daddy,Brother,Lover,Little Boy

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Do You Know Need What You Need when You Bring Baby Home for the First Time?

As the birth of your baby quickly approaches, it's easy to get caught up in the plethora of daily activities and just as easily to overlook some of the essential baby items which will make your child's first days home easy. By slowly purchasing your infant's items before your due date, you'll be able to avoid overlooked items by reviewing your purchases while having plenty of time to procure any forgotten baby goods. Making the transition home from the hospital can be quite pleasing as long as you have a few essential items.

 

Above all else, you must have a rear-facing car seat. Your baby will not be allowed to leave the hospital without one. It is not necessary to immediately have a stroller to bring your baby home though you may want to consider looking into baby travel systems which provide the required infant car seat and also a stroller which you’ll later need.

 

Often overlooked by many parents is the value of babywearing. Research has shown that the use of baby wrap and sling-style carriers that keep baby close to mom or dad offer many benefits to the baby’s development. Although these types of carriers are not crucial to baby's arrival day, many parents find it beneficial to begin as soon as possible.

 

You’ll need to have a place for your newborn to sleep once the baby arrives home. A crib or bassinet and a couple of sets of bedding will be needed. As a bassinet provides a more compact space to which newborns are accustomed and a crib offers roomier for mobility baby's growth, many parents choose to purchase both a crib and a bassinet for their baby. In several weeks to a few months, after your infant has become more acquainted with the outside world, he or she can more comfortably sleep in the crib.

 

Receiving blankets are excellent for swaddling your baby, as newborns have a difficult time regulating their body temperature. They also come in handy when there's spit-up after a burping. Tightly wrapping your newborn in a receiving blanket offers a comforting sleep at night time and during the day.

 

Every newborn seems to have an endless appetite and pre-planning for proper feeding is very important. Many of the feeding accessories you need will depend on your choice of breast or formula feeding. In either case, you’ll need some basic items such as bibs, burping cloths and bottles – even with breastfeeding, many mom’s like to store some breast milk for future feedings or letting dad enjoy some feeding time with baby.  For formula feeding, you’ll want to make sure you have at least a couple of weeks of formula prior to baby’s arrival. If choosing to breastfeed, you should consider purchasing a breast pump and nursing pads to comfort sensitive nipples.

 

For your baby's arrival, you'll also need to have plenty of diapers at home. It's likely that your baby may need a dozen diaper changes each day. You’ll need to determine whether you want to use cloth diapers or disposables. Disposables are the easiest to use but can cost you quite a bit of money over the years you will spend changing diapers. One-size cloth diapers are also easy to purchase and use, but you’ll also need diaper inserts with them. With either option, you’ll need to also have plenty of baby wipes on-hand, changing pad, diaper rash cream, and baby powder.

 

Basic baby health care items your child will be important to have upon arriving home. A newborn or infant first aid kit, which includes a nasal aspirator, thermometer, and toenail clippers, among other things, is one such item. Be sure to have a baby bathtub, baby shampoo, lotion and hooded towels for a complete bath time experience.

 

Though baby toys can be extremely fun to pick out, generally, your baby won’t need many toys during the first couple of months, but there are a few worth having upon arrival. Invaluable to your baby's enjoyment are toys which can stimulate his or her senses. It's to begin stimulating your baby's development. Baby's stresses of his or her new living environment can be soothed with the calming sounds of a stuffed toy or mobile that plays soft music.

 

By covering all of the essentials, you and your baby will find the transition home enjoyable. With a proper understanding as to what's important for baby's first few weeks at home, you'll be able to better plan his or her arrival and reduce your stress. Most importantly, you need to remember that this should be a special event for the entire family so don't let any little oversights from detracting from this memorable time.

About the Author

Maria Cummings is a mom that has devoted herself to helping kids and families in the community. As Manager of Bustling Baby, Maria enjoys sharing her experience of natural parenting with new parents and supports parents in finding the best natural baby products, such as Fuzzi Bunz cloth diapers.

The First Year's Infant To Toddler Tub with Sling by The First Years

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Sudden infant death syndrome

Overview

Typically the infant is found dead after having been put to bed, and exhibits no signs of having suffered.

SIDS is a diagnosis of exclusion. It should only be applied to an infant whose death is sudden and unexpected and remains unexplained after the performance of an adequate postmortem investigation including

an autopsy;

investigation of the scene and circumstances of the death;

exploration of the medical history of the infant and family.

SIDS was responsible for 0.543 deaths per 1,000 live births in the U.S. in 2005. It is responsible for far fewer deaths than congenital disorders and disorders related to short gestation, though it is the leading cause of death in healthy infants after one month of age.

SIDS deaths in the U.S. decreased from 4,895 in 1992 to 2,247 in 2004. But, during a similar time period, 1989 to 2004, SIDS being listed as the cause of death for sudden infant death (SID) decreased from 80% to 55%. According to Dr. John Kattwinkel, chairman of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Special Task Force on SIDS "A lot of us are concerned that the rate (of SIDS) isn't decreasing significantly, but that a lot of it is just code shifting.

Nomenclature

Australia and New Zealand are shifting to the term Sudden Unexplained Death in Infancy (SUDI) for professional, scientific and coronial clarity.

The term SUDI is now often used instead of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) because some coroners prefer to use the term ndetermined for a death previously considered to be SIDS. This change is causing diagnostic shift in the mortality data.

SIDS Back To Sleep campaign: history and theory

In 1985 Davies reported that in Hong Kong, where Chinese custom called for supine infant sleep position (face up), SIDS was a rare problem. In 1987 the Netherlands started a campaign advising parents to place their newborn infants to sleep on their backs (supine position) instead of their stomachs (prone position). This was followed by infant supine sleep position campaigns in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia in 1991, the U.S. and Sweden in 1992, and Canada in 1993.

This advice was based on the epidemiology of SIDS and physiological evidence which shows that infants who sleep on their back have lower arousal thresholds and less slow-wave sleep (SWS) compared to infants who sleep on their stomachs. In human infants sleep develops rapidly during early development. This development includes an increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep) which is also called quiet sleep (QS) during the first 12 months of life in association with a decrease in rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) which is also known as active sleep (AS). In addition, slow wave sleep (SWS) which consists of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep appears at 2 months of age and it is theorized that some infants have a brain-stem defect which increases their risk of being unable to arouse from SWS (also called deep sleep) and therefore have an increased risk of SIDS due to their decreased ability to arouse from SWS.

Studies have shown that preterm infants, full-term infants, and older infants have greater time periods of quiet sleep and also decreased time awake when they are positioned to sleep on their stomachs. In both human infants and rats, arousal thresholds have been shown to be at higher levels in the electroencephalography (EEG) during slow-wave sleep.

In 1992, a SIDS risk reduction strategy based upon lowering arousal thresholds during SWS was implemented by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) which began recommending that healthy infants be positioned to sleep on their back (supine position) or side (lateral position), instead of their stomach (prone position), when being placed down for sleep. In 1994, a number of organizations in the United States combined to further communicate these non-prone sleep position recommendations and this became formally known as the ack To Sleep campaign. In 1996, the AAP further refined its sleep position recommendation by stating that infants should only be placed to sleep in the supine position and not in the prone or lateral positions.

In 1992, the first National Infant Sleep Position (NISP) Household Survey was conducted to determine the usual position in which U.S. mothers placed their babies to sleep: lateral (side), prone (stomach), supine (back), other, or no usual position. According to the 1992 NISP survey, 13.0% of U.S. infants were positioned in the supine position for sleep. According to the 2006 NISP survey 75.7% of infants were positioned in the supine position to sleep.

Since 1998 there have been several studies published which report that infants placed to sleep in the supine position lag in motor skills, social skills, and cognitive ability development when compared to infants who sleep in the prone position. In a 1998 article entitled ffects of Sleep Position on Infant Motor Development. by Davis, Moon, Sachs, and Ottolini, the authors state e found that sleep position significantly impacts early motor development. The prone (stomach) sleeping infants in this study slept an average of 225.2 hours (8.3%) more in their first 6 months of life than the supine (back) sleeping infants.

In the 1998 article entitled oes the Supine Sleeping Position Have Any Adverse Effects on the Child? II. Development in the First 18 Months31] by Dewey, Fleming, Golding, and the ALSPAC Study Team the objective of the study was o assess whether the recommendations that infants sleep supine could have adverse consequences on their motor and mental development. They used the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) and studied infants at 6 and 18 months. According to the study, at 6 months of age, the infants who were placed to sleep in the prone position had statistically significant higher social skills scores, gross motor scores, and total development scores than those infants who were put to sleep in the supine position. In the 2005 article entitled nfluence of supine sleep positioning on early motor milestone acquisition29] by Majnemer and Barr they used the Alberta Infant Motor Scale Scores (AIMS Scores) to analyze the impact of infant sleep position. They reported that ypically developing infants who were sleep-positioned in supine had delayed motor development by age 6 months, and this was significantly associated with limited exposure to awake prone positioning. But, the authors also note that awake prone (stomach) positioning is associated with prone (stomach) sleeping. No studies have been conducted which compare supine sleeping infants who have regular awake prone positioning (tummy time) to prone sleeping infants who have regular awake prone positioning (tummy time).

Placing infants on their stomachs while they are awake (tummy time) has been recommended to offset the motor skills delays associated with the back sleep position but positioning the infant on their stomach while awake will not impact the amount of slow wave sleep since tummy time only occurs when an infant is awake.

Undiagnosed conditions

Some conditions that may be undiagnosed and thus could be alternative diagnoses to SIDS include:

medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD deficiency), ;

infant botulism;

long QT syndrome (accounting for less than 2% of cases);

infections with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori;

shaken baby syndrome and other forms of child abuse.

For example an infant with MCAD deficiency could have died by 'classical SIDS' if found swaddled and prone with head covered in an overheated room where parents were smoking. Genes of susceptibility to MCAD and Long QT syndrome do not protect an infant from dying of classical SIDS. Therefore presence of a susceptibility gene, such as for MCAD, means the infant may have died either from SIDS or from MCAD deficiency. It is impossible for the pathologist to distinguish between them.

Risk factors

Very little is certain about the possible causes of SIDS, and there is no proven method for prevention. Although studies have identified risk factors for SIDS, such as putting infants to bed on their stomachs, there has been little understanding of the syndrome's biological cause or causes. The frequency of SIDS appears to be a strong function of the infant's sex, age and ethnicity, and the education and socio-economic-status of the infant's parents.

According to a study published in October 2007 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, babies who die of SIDS have abnormalities in the brain stem (the medulla oblongata), which helps control functions like breathing, blood pressure and arousal, and abnormalities in serotonin signaling. According to the National Institutes of Health, which funded the study, this finding is the strongest evidence to date that structural differences in a specific part of the brain may contribute to the risk of SIDS.

In a British study released May 29, 2008 researchers discovered that the common bacterial infections Staphylococcus aureus (staph) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) appear to be the cause of some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Both bacteria were present at greater than usual concentrations in infants who died from SIDS. SIDS cases peak between eight and ten weeks after birth, which is also the time frame in which the antibodies that were passed along from mother to child are starting to disappear and babies have not yet made their own antibodies.

Listed below are several factors associated with increased probability of the syndrome based on information available prior to this recent study.

Prenatal risks

maternal nicotine use (tobacco or nicotine patch)

inadequate prenatal care

inadequate prenatal nutrition

use of heroin, cocaine and other drugs

subsequent births less than one year apart

alcohol use

infant being overweight

mother being overweight

Teen pregnancy (if the baby has a teen mother, it has a greater risk)

infant's sex (60% of SIDS cases occur in males)

Post-natal risks

mold (can cause bleeding lungs plus a variety of other uncommon conditions leading to a misdiagnoses and death). It is often misdiagnosed as a virus, flu, and/or asthma-like conditions.

low birth weight (in the U.S. from 1995-1998 the rate for 1000-1499 g was 2.89/1000 and for 3500-3999 g it was 0.51/1000)

exposure to tobacco smoke

prone sleep position (lying on the stomach, see sleep positioning below)

not breastfeeding

elevated or reduced room temperature

excess bedding, clothing, soft sleep surface and stuffed animals

Co-sleeping with parents or other siblings increases the risk for accidental smothering

infant's age (incidence rises from zero at birth, is highest from two to four months, and declines towards zero at one year)

premature birth (increases risk of SIDS death by about 4 times. In 1995-1998 the U.S.SIDS rate for 3739 weeks of gestation was 0.73/1000; The SIDS rate for 2831 weeks of gestation was 2.39/1000)

anemia

Risk reduction for SIDS

Though SIDS cannot be prevented, parents of infants are encouraged to take several precautions in order to reduce the likelihood of SIDS.

Environment

Sleep positioning

Sleeping on the back has been recommended by (among others) the American Academy of Pediatrics (starting in 1992) to avoid SIDS, with the catchphrases "Back To Bed" and "Back to Sleep." The incidence of SIDS has fallen sharply in a number of countries in which the back to bed recommendation has been widely adopted, such as the US and New Zealand. However, the absolute incidence of SIDS prior to the Back to Sleep Campaign was already dropping in the US, from 1.511 per 1000 in 1979 to 1.301 per 1000 in 1991.

Among the theories supporting the Back to Sleep recommendation is the idea that small infants with little or no control of their heads may, while face down, inhale their exhaled breath (high in carbon dioxide) or smother themselves on their beddinghe brain-stem anomaly research (above) suggests that babies with that particular genetic makeup do not react "normally" by moving away from the pooled CO2, and thus smother. Another theory[citation needed] is that babies sleep more soundly when placed on their stomachs, and are unable to rouse themselves when they have an incidence of sleep apnea, which is thought to be common in infants.

Arguments against infant back-sleeping include concerns that an infant could choke on fluids it brings up. Hospital neonatal-intensive-care-unit (NICU) staff commonly place preterm newborns on their stomach, although they advise parents to place their infants on their backs after going home from the hospital.

Other concerns raised about the Back to Sleep Campaign have included the possible increased risk of positional facial and head deformities (see positional plagiocephaly), possible interference with development of good sleep habits (which in turn may have other bad effects), and possible interference with motor skills development (as infants delay attempts to lift their heads, crawl, etc.).

Breastfeeding

A 2003 study published in Pediatrics, which investigated racial disparities in infant mortality in Chicago, found that previously or currently breastfeeding infants in the study had 1/5 the rate of SIDS compared with non-breastfed infants, but that "it became nonsignificant in the multivariate model that included the other environmental factors". These results are consistent with most published reports and suggest that other factors associated with breastfeeding, rather than breastfeeding itself, are protective." However, a more recent study shows that breast feeding reduces the risk of SIDS by approximately 50% at all infant ages.

Co-sleeping

In nearly all incidences, the higher the rate of co-sleeping, the lower the rate of SIDS and vice versa. http://thebabybond.com/Cosleeping&SIDSFactSheet.html The data has suggested that almost all SIDS deaths in adult beds would be occurring when other prevention methods, such as placing infants on their backs, are not used. Co-sleeping studied in the West has been present mostly in poorer families where other risk factors are present. While co-sleeping in other cultures such as in China is more prevalent and is done in combination with practices such as sleeping children on their back, correlating with a significantly lower rate of SIDS than the West.Further studies have suggested that factors associated with safe co-sleeping such as enhanced infant arousals are responsible for a positive contribution to SIDS prevention.

A 2005 policy statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics on sleep environment and the risk of SIDS deemed co-sleeping and bed sharing unsafe. One article reports that co-sleeping infants have a greater risk of airway covering than when the same infant sleeps alone in a cot.

Secondhand smoke reduction

According to the U.S. Surgeon General Report, secondhand smoke is connected to SIDS. Infants who die from SIDS tend to have higher concentrations of nicotine and cotinine (a biological marker for secondhand smoke exposure) in their lungs than those who die from other causes. Infants exposed to secondhand smoke after birth are also at a greater risk of SIDS. Parents who smoke can significantly reduce their children's risk of SIDS by either quitting or smoking only outside and leaving their house completely smoke-free.

The maternal pregnancy smoking rate decreased by 38% between 1990 and 2002.

Sleeping area

Bedding

Product safety experts advise against using pillows, sleep positioners, bumper pads, stuffed animals, or fluffy bedding in the crib and recommend instead dressing the child warmly and keeping the crib "naked."

Blankets should not be placed over an infant's head. It has been recommended that infants should be covered only up to their chest with their arms exposed. This reduces the chance of the infant shifting the blanket over his or her head.[citation needed]

Sleep sacks

In colder environments where bedding is required to maintain a baby's body temperature, the use of a "baby sleep bag" or "sleep sack" is becoming more popular. This is a soft bag with holes for the baby's arms and head. A zipper allows the bag to be closed around the baby. A study published in the European Journal of Pediatrics in August 1998 has shown the protective effects of a sleep sack as reducing the incidence of turning from back to front during sleep, reinforcing putting a baby to sleep on its back for placement into the sleep sack and preventing bedding from coming up over the face which leads to increased temperature and carbon dioxide rebreathing. They conclude in their study "The use of a sleeping-sack should be particularly promoted for infants with a low birth weight." The American Academy of Pediatrics also recommends them as a type of bedding that warms the baby without covering its head.The use of swaddling clothes, a traditional form of infant restraint which leaves only the head uncovered, is controversial.

Pacifiers

According to a 2005 meta-analysis, most studies favor pacifier use. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, pacifier use seems to reduce the risk of SIDS, although the mechanism by which this happens is unclear. SIDS experts and policy makers haven't recommended the use of pacifiers to reduce the risk of SIDS because of several problems associated with pacifier use, like increased risk of otitis, gastrointestinal infections and oral colonization with Candida species. A 2005 study indicated that use of a pacifier is associated with up to a 90% reduction in the risk of SIDS depending on the ambient factors, and it reduced the effect of other risk factors. It has been speculated that the raised surface of the pacifier holds the infant's face away from the mattress, reducing the risk of suffocation. If a postmortem investigation does not occur or is insufficient, a suffocated baby may be misdiagnosed with SIDS.

Air circulation with fan use

According to a study of nearly 500 babies published the October 2008 Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, using a fan to circulate air correlates with a lower risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Researchers took into account other risk factors and found that fan use was associated with a 72% lower risk of SIDS. Only 3% of the babies who died had a fan on in the room during their last sleep, the mothers reported. That compared to 12% of the babies who lived. Using a fan reduced risk most for babies in poor sleeping environments. Author De-Kun li said that "the baby's sleeping environment really matters" and that "this seems to suggest that by improving room ventilation we can further reduce risk."

New link. A special, small fan for gentle, direct ventilation of the infants sleeping area, crib or bassinet.

Bumper pads

Bumper pads may be a contributing factor in SIDS deaths and should be removed. Health Canada, the Canadian government's health department, issued an advisory recommending against the use of bumper pads, stating:

The presence of bumper pads in a crib may also be a contributing factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). These products may reduce the flow of oxygen rich air to the infant in the crib. Furthermore, proposed theories indicate that the rebreathing of carbon dioxide plays a role in the occurrence of SIDS.

Speculated associations

A number of theoretical causes have been proposed as a trigger for SIDS, but many of them are unproven or have not been thoroughly studied and peer-reviewed. As of June 2009 there were 113 such articles found in Medical Hypotheses as cited in PubMed.

Anemia

Anemia is not a documented SIDS risk factor per se because at the moment of death the blood hemoglobin begins to degrade. This degradation can be slow or rapid and it shows up as livor mortis, the mottled and reddened coloring that can develop within 30 minutes of death. Because SIDS usually occurs during sleep and is unnoticed, the time interval between moment of death and autopsy is unknown so no correction can be made to the hemoglobin value measured postmortem to estimate the antemortem value immediately before death. However anemia is a risk factor for apparent-life-threatening-events (ALTE) as described by Poets et al. (1992) referred to above where anemia is listed as a postnatal risk factor.

Oxygen Deprivation

A 2003 Study showed that a common cause of death of infants is because parents/caretakers leave the child "face-down" on the bed. Making it so the child cannot breathe. A child at the age of 1 month to 6 months...does not have the muscle development to move their head...therefore it is benefical if they lay the child head up. In addition, an autopsy would not show necrotic tissue in any part of the body, due to oxygen deprivation. Due to the fact that the infant typically has more hemoglobin then the standard adult. Making their blood capable of "holding on" to more oxygen.

Mattress bugs

A 2004 study hypothesized that bugs feeding on baby vomit and dust could be fatal for small children, creating 'supertoxins' which spur the baby's body into overreacting, leading to anaphylactic shock.

Brain disorder

A recently published research article showed evidence that cells in the brainstem fail to develop receptors for serotonin in the womb. This abnormality can continue postpartum until the end of the first year. This would account for there being few to no SIDS deaths after the first year of infancy and the reason the risk is more for premature infants. Males have fewer serotonin receptors than females, perhaps contributing to the increased incidence of SIDS in the demographic.

In addition, a study was done in 2006. Showed that a possible cause of SIDS is because parents leave there infants in a position known as "Trendelenburg position." This position can cause the brain stem to fall...and in a result, the brain becomes "crushed." The proper poistion for an infant is either High Fowlers or Sims.

Vitamin C

In the 1970s, high doses of vitamin C were touted as a preventive measure for SIDS, although the claim was controversial even then. Subsequent study failed to support a preventive role for vitamin C in SIDS. To the contrary, a 2009 study found that high levels of vitamin C were strongly associated with SIDS, possibly through a pro-oxidant interaction with iron.

Toxic gases

In 1989, a controversial piece of research by UK Scientist Barry Richardson claimed that all cot deaths were the result of toxic nerve gases being produced through the action of fungus in mattresses on compounds of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. These chemicals are frequently used to make mattresses fire-retardant.

A major plank in this explanation is the widely-observed phenomenon that the risk of cot death rises from one sibling to the next. Richardson claims that the cause is that parents are more likely to buy new bedding for their first child, and to re-use that bedding for later children. The more frequently used the bedding is, the more chance there will be that fungus has become resident in the material; thus, a higher chance of cot death. A paper by Peter Fleming and Peter Blair references evidence from other studies that both supports and refutes the increasing occurrence of SIDS with mattress sharing and suggests that this is still inconclusive.

Dr. Jim Sprott recommends new parents either buy bedding free of the toxic compounds or to wrap the mattresses in a barrier film to prevent the escape of the gases. Sprott claims that no case of cot death has ever been traced back to a properly manufactured or wrapped mattress.

However, a final report of The Expert Group to Investigate Cot Death Theories: Toxic Gas Hypothesis, published in May 1998, concluded that "there was no evidence to substantiate the toxic gas hypothesis that antimony- and phosphorus-containing compounds used as fire retardants in PVC and other cot mattress materials are a cause of SIDS. Neither was there any evidence to believe that these chemicals could pose any other health risk to infants." The report also states that "in normal cot-like conditions it is not possible to generate toxic gas from antimony in mattresses" and "babies have also been found to die on wrapped mattresses."

Contrary to media publicity, the 1998 UK Limerick Report did not disprove the toxic gas theorys a highly qualified environmental scientist has stated in the New Zealand Medical Journal. In fact, the Limerick Committee's experiments proved the fungal generation of toxic gases (forms of stibine and arsine) from cot mattress materials.

According to Dr. Sprott, as of 2006, the New Zealand government has not reported any SIDS deaths when babies have slept on mattresses wrapped according to his method. While the Limerick report claims that babies have been found to die on wrapped mattresses, Dr. Sprott argues that a chemical analysis of the bedding should be performed. He additionally claims that this part of the report was flawed:

In February 2000 Dr Peter Fleming (a co-author of the Limerick Report and principal author of the UK CESDI Report) conceded that the claim that three babies in the United Kingdom had died of cot death on polythene-covered mattresses could not be substantiated.

Central Respiratory Pattern Deficiency

There is ongoing research in the pediatric/neonatal community that has begun to associate apnea-like breathing cessations in animal models with unusual neural architecture or signal transduction in central pattern generator circuits including the pre-Btzinger complex. It is possible that irregularities in neurotransmitter release (such as GABA, adenosine, and NMDA) or deficiencies in their associated receptors (including both GABAA, GABAB subtypes and NMDA-glutamate receptors) are linked to incomplete prenatal development as is evident in pre-term infants.[citation needed]

Cervical spinal injury from birth trauma

During birth, if the infant's head is traumatically turned side to side, upper cervical spinal injury can result. Difficulty breathing is a classic sign of upper spinal cord and brain-stem injury. When infants with undiagnosed upper cervical spinal cord injury are continually placed on their stomach for sleep, they are forced to turn their head to the side to breathe. This is hypothesised to aggravate and prolong the spinal cord injury sustained during birth, preventing proper healing and ultimately leading to fatal breathing difficulty.[citation needed]

Sex

There is a consistent 50% male excess in SIDS per 1000 live births of each sex. Given a 5% male excess birth rate (105 male to 100 female live births) there appear to be 3.15 male SIDS per 2 female SIDS for a male fraction of 0.61. This value of 61% in the U.S. is an average of 57% black male SIDS, 62.2% white male SIDS and 59.4% for all other races combined. Note that when multiracial parentage is involved, infant "race" is arbitrarily assigned to one category or the other; most often it is chosen by the mother. The X-linkage hypothesis for SIDS and the male excess in infant mortality have shown that the 50% male excess could be related to a dominant X-linked allele that occurs with a frequency of that is protective of transient cerebral anoxia. An unprotected XY male would occur with a frequency of and an unprotected XX female would occur with a frequency of 49. The ratio of to 49 is 1.5 to 1 which matches the observed male 50% excess rate of SIDS.

Although many authors have found autosomal and mitochondrial genetic risk factors for SIDS they cannot explain the male excess because such gene loci have the same frequencies for males and females. Supporting evidence for an X-linkage is found by examination of other causes of infant respiratory death, such as suffocation by inhalation of food and other foreign objects. Although food is prepared identically for male and female infants, there is a similar 50% male excess of death from such causes indicating that males are more susceptible to the cerebral anoxia created by such incidents in exactly the same proportion as found in SIDS.

The study which indicated that there was a relationship between fewer serotonin binding sites and SIDS noted that the boys "had significantly fewer serotonin binding sites than girls." However, such neurological prematurity decreases with age, but the male fraction of approximately 0.61 persists each month throughout the first year of life. Furthermore, this cannot explain the identical male fraction of 0.61 in other respiratory mortality causes such as respiratory distress syndrome or suffocation from inhalation of food or foreign objects cited above, that also exists for all ages 1 to 14 years in the U.S. from 1979 to 2005.

Child abuse

Several instances of infanticide have been uncovered where the diagnosis was originally SIDS. This has led some researchers to estimate that 5% to 20% of SIDS deaths are infanticides. In 1997 The New York Times, covering a book called The Death of Innocents: A True Story of Murder, Medicine and High-Stakes Science, wrote:

The misdiagnosis of infanticide as SIDS "happens all over," Ms. Talan, a medical reporter at Newsday, said. "A lot of doctors and police don't know how to handle it. They don't take it as seriously as they should." As a result of the book's revelations, people are starting to scrutinize possible cases of this "perfect crime," which involves no physical evidence and no witnesses.

A former pediatrician Roy Meadow from United Kingdom believes that many cases diagnosed as SIDS are really the result of child abuse on the part of a parent displaying Munchausen syndrome by proxy (a condition which he was first to describe, in 1977). During the 1990s and early 2000s, a number of mothers of multiple apparent SIDS victims were convicted of murder, to varying degrees on the basis of Meadow's opinion. In 2003 a number of high-profile acquittals brought Meadow's theories into disrepute. Several hundred murder convictions were reviewed, leading to several high-profile cases being re-opened and convictions overturned.

The Royal Statistical Society issued a media release refuting the expert testimony in one UK case in which the conviction was subsequently overturned.

Nitrogen dioxide

A 2005 study by researchers at the University of California, San Diego found that "SIDS may be related to high levels of acute outdoor NO2 exposure during the last day of life." While nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure may be one of many possible risk factors, it is not considered causal, and the report cautioned that further studies were needed to replicate the result.

Vaccination

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, several studies have failed to provide sufficient evidence of a causal link between vaccinations and SIDS. They state:

From 2 to 4 months old, babies begin their primary course of vaccinations. This is also the peak age for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The timing of these two events has led some people to believe they might be related. However, studies have concluded that vaccines are not a risk factor for SIDS.

Inner ear damage

Records of hearing tests (oto-acoustic emissions, OAEs) administered to certain infants show that those who later died of SIDS had differences in the pattern of these tests compared with normal babies. To be specific the OAE signal to noise ratio was reduced in the right ear in the SIDS babies. (Rubens DD et al Early Human Development 84, 225-9 (2008)) . It should be noted this was a small study (n=31 cases and 31 controls), had serious limitations (several significant factors were not controlled), and has been criticised from various perspectives. The authors' suggestion for the cause of SIDS is that the deaths are caused by disturbances in respiratory control (from other than suffocation). The vestibular apparatus of the inner ear has been shown to play an important role in respiratory control during sleep. It is speculated that this inner ear damage could be linked to SIDS. It is speculated that the damage occurs during delivery, particularly when prolonged contractions create greater blood pressure in the placenta. The right ear is directly in the "line of fire" for blood entering the fetus from the placenta, and thus could be most susceptible to damage. If the findings are relevant, it may be possible to take corrective measures. Researchers are beginning animal studies to explore the connection.

Side effects of SIDS risk reduction recommendations

Dr. Rafael Pelayo from Stanford University and a number of other pediatric sleep researchers in the U.S. have stated that they believe that the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendations regarding cosleeping and pacifier use may have unintended consequences. They have stated that the SIDS prevention strategy of the American Academy of Pediatrics which keeps infants at a low arousal threshold and reduces the time in quiet sleep may be unhealthy for children. They state that slow wave sleep is the most restorative form of sleep and limiting this sleep in the first 12 months of life may have unintended consequences to both the sleep and the infant.

According to a 1998 study by British researchers that compared back sleeping infants to stomach sleeping infants there were developmental differences at 6 months of age between the two groups. At 6 months of age the stomach sleeping infants had higher gross motor scores, social skills scores, and total development skills scores than the back sleeping infants. The differences were apparent at the 5% statistical significant level. But, at 18 months the differences were no longer apparent. The researchers deemed the lower development scores of back sleeping infants at 6 months of age to be transient and stated that they do not believe the back sleeping recommendations should be changed. Other scientists have stated that the conclusion that the negative effects of back sleep at 18 months of age is transient is based upon very little evidence and that no long-term randomized trials have been completed.

Other side effects of the back sleeping position include increased rates of shoulder retraction, positional plagiocephaly, and positional torticollis. Some scientists dispute that plagiocephaly is a negative side effect. Dr. Peter Fleming, who is co-author of the study that deemed delays at 6 months of age to be transient, has stated that he does not think plagiocephaly is a negative side effect of back sleep. In an interview with the Guardian Dr. Fleming stated "I do not think it is a medical problemt is more of a cosmetic one. Mothers may feel it is a syndrome and a problem when it really is nonsense." A research study on children with plagiocephaly found that 26% had mild to severe psychomotor delay. This study also showed that 10% of infants with plagiocephaly had mild to severe mental development delay.

Because of the delays caused by back sleep some medical professionals have suggested that the "normal" ages at which children had previously attained developmental milestones should be pushed back. This would enable medical professionals to consider "normal" children who previously were considered developmentally delayed.

Additional studies have reported that the following negative conditions are associated with the back sleep position: increase in sleep apnea, decrease in sleep duration, strabismus, social skills delays, deformational plagiocephaly, and temporomandibular jaw difficulties. In addition, the following are symptoms that are associated with sleep apnea: growth abnormalities, failure to thrive syndrome in infants, neurocognitive abnormalities, daytime sleepiness, emotional problems, decrease in memory, decrease in learning, and a delay in nonverbal skills. The conditions associated with deformational plagiocephaly include visual impairments, cerebral dysfunction, delays in psychomotor development and decreases in mental functioning. The conditions associated with gross motor milestone delays include speech and language disorders. In addition, it has been hypothesized that delays in motor skills can have a negative impact on the development of social skills. In addition, other studies have reported that the prone position prevents subluxation of the hips, increases psychomotor development, prevents scoliosis, lessens the risk of gastroesophageal reflux, decreases infant screaming periods, causes less fatigue in infants, and increases the relief of infant colic. In addition, prior to the ack to Sleep campaign many babies self-treated their own torticollis by turning their heads from one side to the other while sleeping in the prone position. Supine sleeping infants cannot self-treat their own torticollis.

Further reading

Joan Hodgman; Toke Hoppenbrouwers (2004). SIDS. Calabasas, Calif: Monte Nido Press. ISBN 0-9742663-0-2. 

Notes

^ Health Canada SIDS Healthy Babies SIDS Page.

^ a b c d e http://wonder.cdc.gov

^ a b c Bowman L, Hargrove T. Exposing Sudden Infant Death In America. Scripps Howard News Service. http://dailycamera.com/news/2007/oct/08/saving-babies-exposing-sudden-infant-death-in/

^ NZ Ministry of Health

^ Davies DP (December 1985). "Cot death in Hong Kong: a rare problem?". Lancet 2 (8468): 13469. PMID 2866397. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(85)92637-6. 

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^ Rusen ID, Liu S, Sauve R, Joseph KS, Kramer MS (2004). "Sudden infant death syndrome in Canada: trends in rates and risk factors, 19851998". Chronic Dis Can 25 (1): 16. PMID 15298482. 

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^ Navelet Y, Benoit O, Bouard G (July 1982). "Nocturnal sleep organization during the first months of life". Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 54 (1): 718. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(82)90233-4. PMID 6177520. 

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^ Anders TF, Keener M (1985). "Developmental course of nighttime sleep-wake patterns in full-term and premature infants during the first year of life. I". Sleep 8 (3): 17392. PMID 4048734. 

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^ a b National Infant Sleep Position Household Survey. Summary Data 1992. http://dccwww.bumc.bu.edu/ChimeNisp/NISP_Data.asp updated: 09/04/07

^ National Infant Sleep Position Household Survey. Summary Data 2006. http://dccwww.bumc.bu.edu/ChimeNisp/NISP_Data.asp updated: 09/04/07

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^ Yang Z, Lantz PE, Ibdah JA (December 2007). "Post-mortem analysis for two prevalent beta-oxidation mutations in sudden infant death". Pediatr Int 49 (6): 8837. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2007.02478.x. PMID 18045290. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1328-8067&date=2007&volume=49&issue=6&spage=883. 

^ Nevas M, Lindstrm M, Virtanen A, et al. (January 2005). "Infant botulism acquired from household dust presenting as sudden infant death syndrome". J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (1): 5113. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.1.511-513.2005. PMID 15635031. 

^ Millat G, Kugener B, Chevalier P, et al. (May 2009). "Contribution of long-QT syndrome genetic variants in sudden infant death syndrome". Pediatr Cardiol 30 (4): 5029. doi:10.1007/s00246-009-9417-210.1007/s00246-009-9417-2. PMID 19322600. 

^ Stray-Pedersen A, Vege A, Rognum TO (October 2008). "Helicobacter pylori antigen in stool is associated with SIDS and sudden infant deaths due to infectious disease". Pediatr. Res. 64 (4): 40510. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e31818095f7. PMID 18535491. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0031-3998&volume=64&issue=4&spage=405. 

^ Bajanowski T, Vennemann M, Bohnert M, Rauch E, Brinkmann B, Mitchell EA (July 2005). "Unnatural causes of sudden unexpected deaths initially thought to be sudden infant death syndrome". Int. J. Legal Med. 119 (4): 2136. doi:10.1007/s00414-005-0538-810.1007/s00414-005-0538-8. PMID 15830244. 

^ Du Chesne A, Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B (1997). "[Homicides without clues in children]" (in German). Arch Kriminol 199 (1-2): 216. PMID 9157833. 

^ a b Paterson DS, Trachtenberg FL, Thompson EG, et al. (November 2006). "Multiple serotonergic brainstem abnormalities in sudden infant death syndrome". JAMA 296 (17): 212432. doi:10.1001/jama.296.17.2124. PMID 17077377. 

^ Gardner, Amanda (2008-05-30). "Bacterial Infection May Boost SIDS Risk". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/29/AR2008052903472.html#. Retrieved 2009-10-15. 

^ Buttigieg J, Brown S, Zhang M, Lowe M, Holloway AC, Nurse CA (May 2008). "Chronic nicotine in utero selectively suppresses hypoxic sensitivity in neonatal rat adrenal chromaffin cells". Faseb J. 22 (5): 131726. doi:10.1096/fj.07-9194com. PMID 18070822. 

^ Kraus JF, Greenland S, Bulterys M (March 1989). "Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project". Int J Epidemiol 18 (1): 11320. PMID 2722353. http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2722353. 

^ Henriksen T (May 1999). "Foetal nutrition, foetal growth restriction and health later in life". Acta Paediatr Suppl 88 (429): 48. PMID 10419226. 

^ Kandall SR, Gaines J, Habel L, Davidson G, Jessop D (July 1993). "Relationship of maternal substance abuse to subsequent sudden infant death syndrome in offspring". J. Pediatr. 123 (1): 1206. PMID 8320605. 

^ Spiers PS, Wang L (July 1976). "Short pregnancy interval, low birthweight, and the sudden infant death syndrome". Am. J. Epidemiol. 104 (1): 1521. PMID 937342. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=937342. 

^ Zhou FC, Fang Y, Goodlett C (August 2008). "Peptidergic agonists of activity-dependent neurotrophic factor protect against prenatal alcohol-induced neural tube defects and serotonin neuron loss". Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 32 (8): 136171. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00722.x. PMID 18565153. 

^ Byard RW (September 2007). "Marked obesity in infancy and relationship to sudden infant death". J Paediatr Child Health 43 (9): 64950. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01179.x. PMID 17688652. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1034-4810&date=2007&volume=43&issue=9&spage=649. 

^ Carroll-Pankhurst C, Mortimer EA (March 2001). "Sudden infant death syndrome, bedsharing, parental weight, and age at death". Pediatrics 107 (3): 5306. PMID 11230594. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11230594. 

^ American Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Institute

^ Mage DT, Donner M (February 1997). "A genetic basis for the sudden infant death syndrome sex ratio". Med. Hypotheses 48 (2): 13742. PMID 9076695. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306-9877(97)90280-2. 

^ Weinberg ED (June 2000). "Association of primary Pneumocystis carinii infection and sudden infant death syndrome". Clin. Infect. Dis. 30 (6): 991. doi:10.1086/313796. PMID 10880335. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?CID000127. 

^ Hunt CE (November 2007). "Small for gestational age infants and sudden infant death syndrome: a confluence of complex conditions". Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 92 (6): F4289. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.112243. PMID 17951549. http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17951549. 

^ Office of the Surgeon General of the United States Report on Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke (PDF)

^ Willinger M, Hoffman HJ, Hartford RB (May 1994). "Infant sleep position and risk for sudden infant death syndrome: report of meeting held January 13 and 14, 1994, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD". Pediatrics 93 (5): 8149. PMID 8165085. 

^ McKenna JJ, McDade T (June 2005). "Why babies should never sleep alone: a review of the co-sleeping controversy in relation to SIDS, bedsharing and breast feeding". Paediatr Respir Rev 6 (2): 13452. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2005.03.006. PMID 15911459. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1526054205000230. 

^ Moon RY, Horne RS, Hauck FR (November 2007). "Sudden infant death syndrome". Lancet 370 (9598): 157887. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61662-6. PMID 17980736. 

^ Fleming PJ, Levine MR, Azaz Y, Wigfield R, Stewart AJ (June 1993). "Interactions between thermoregulation and the control of respiration in infants: possible relationship to sudden infant death". Acta Paediatr Suppl 82 (Suppl 389): 579. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12878.x. PMID 8374195. 

^ Mage DT (1996). "A probability model for the age distribution of SIDS". J Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Infant Mortal 1: 1331. 

^ Poets CF, Samuels MP, Wardrop CA, Picton-Jones E, Southall DP (April 1992). "Reduced haemoglobin levels in infants presenting with apparent life-threatening events retrospective investigation". Acta Paediatr. 81 (4): 31921. PMID 1606392. 

^ Mitchell EA, Hutchison L, Stewart AW (July 2007). "The continuing decline in SIDS mortality". Arch Dis Child. 92 (7): 6256. doi:10.1136/adc.2007.116194. PMID 17405855. 

^ a b c d[citation needed]

^ Aris C, Stevens TP, Lemura C, et al. (October 2006). "NICU nurses' knowledge and discharge teaching related to infant sleep position and risk of SIDS". Adv Neonatal Care 6 (5): 28194. doi:10.1016/j.adnc.2006.06.009. PMID 17045948. 

"Erratum". Adv Neonatal Care 6 (6): 340. December 2006. 

^ Hauck FR, Herman SM, Donovan M, Iyasu S, Merrick Moore C, Donoghue E, Kirschner RH, Willinger M (2003). "Sleep environment and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in an urban population: the Chicago Infant Mortality Study". Pediatrics 111: 120714. doi:10.1542/peds.111.5.S1.1207 (inactive 2008-06-25). PMID 12728140. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/111/5/S1/1207. 

^ Vennemann MM, Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B, et al. (March 2009). "Does breastfeeding reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome?". Pediatrics 123 (3): e40610. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2145. PMID 19254976. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19254976. 

^ Wenda Trevathan, Euclid O. Smith, James Joseph McKenna (1999). Evolutionary Medicine. Oxford University Press US. pp. 559. ISBN 0195103556. 

^ McKenna, James J. (1996), "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Cross-Cultural perspective: is Infant-Parent Cosleeping Protective?", Annual Review of Anthropology 25: 20116, doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.201, http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.201 

^ Mosko S, McKenna J, Dickel M, Hunt L (December 1993). "Parent-infant cosleeping: the appropriate context for the study of infant sleep and implications for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) research". J Behav Med 16 (6): 589610. doi:10.1007/BF00844721. PMID 8126714. http://www.springerlink.com/content/l44150210255t523/. 

^ Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (November 2005). "The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk". Pediatrics 116 (5): 124555. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1499. PMID 16216901. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245. 

^ Ball H (September 2009). "Airway covering during bed-sharing". Child Care Health Dev 35 (5): 72837. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00979.x. PMID 19531119. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0305-1862&date=2009&volume=35&issue=5&spage=728. 

^ Chapter 5; pages 180194, secondhand smoke is connected to SIDS.

^ "Smoking during pregnancynited States, 19902002". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 53 (39): 9115. October 2004. PMID 15470322. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5339a1.htm. 

^ Smartmoney.com on bedding

^ .

^ L'Hoir MP, Engelberts AC, van Well GT, et al. (1998). "Risk and preventive factors for cot death in The Netherlands, a low-incidence country". Eur. J. Pediatr. 157 (8): 6818. doi:10.1007/s004310050911. PMID 9727856. 

^ "The Changing Concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Diagnostic Coding Shifts, Controversies Regarding the Sleeping Environment, and New Variables to Consider in Reducing Risk". American Academy of Pediatrics. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245#SEC15. Retrieved 2008-11-06. 

^ van Gestel, Josephus Petrus Johannes; Monique Pauline Loir, Maartje ten Berge, Nicolaas Johannes Georgius Jansen, and Frans Berend Pltz (6 December 2002). "Risks of Ancient Practices in Modern Times" (in English) (html). Pediatrics 110 (6): e78. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/6/e78. Retrieved 12/15/2009. 

^ Gerard, Claudia M.; Kathleen A. Harris and Bradley T. Thach (6 December 2002). "Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep" (in English) (html). Pediatrics 110 (6): e70. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/6/e70. Retrieved 12/15/2009. 

^ Franco, P; Scaillet S, Groswasser J, Kahn A. (December 2004). "Increased cardiac autonomic responses to auditory challenges in swaddled infants" (in English) (pdf). Sleep. http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/270811.pdf. Retrieved 12/15/2009. 

^ Short MA, Brooks-Brunn JA, Reeves DS, Yeager J, Thorpe JA (June 1996). "The effects of swaddling versus standard positioning on neuromuscular development in very low birth weight infants". Neonatal Netw 15 (4): 2531. PMID 8716525. 

^ "Fig 4. Meta-analysis of studies examining the relationship of a pacifier used during the last sleep in SIDS victims versus controls". American Academy of Pediatrics. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245/F4. Retrieved 2008-11-06. 

^ a b "The Changing Concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Diagnostic Coding Shifts, Controversies Regarding the Sleeping Environment, and New Variables to Consider in Reducing Risk". American Academy of Pediatrics. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245#SEC6. Retrieved 2008-11-06. 

^ Li DK, Willinger M, Petitti DB, Odouli R, Liu L, Hoffman HJ (2006). "Use of a dummy (pacifier) during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): population based case-control study". BMJ 332 (7532): 1822. doi:10.1136/bmj.38671.640475.55. PMID 16339767. 

^ Coleman-Phox K, Odouli R, Li DK (October 2008). "Use of a fan during sleep and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162 (10): 9638. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.10.963. PMID 18838649. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/10/963. 

^ Carla K. Johnson (Associated Press writer) (2008-09-08). "Fan use linked to lower risk of sudden baby death". Toronto Star. http://www.parentcentral.ca/parent/article/513143. Retrieved 2008-11-09. , also in Live Science

^ "Policy Statement for Bumper Pads in Cribs - Consumer Product Safety". http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/legislation/pol/bumper-bordure_e.html. Retrieved 2007-06-27. 

^ Gizela BA (2001). "Postmortem hemoglobin concentration changing in Sprague-Dawley white mouse" (in Indonesian). Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran 33: 20710. 

^ Sherburn RE, Jenkins RO (September 2004). "Cot mattresses as reservoirs of potentially harmful bacteria and the sudden infant death syndrome". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 42 (1): 7684. doi:10.1016/j.femsim.2004.06.011. PMID 15325400. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0928-8244&date=2004&volume=42&issue=1&spage=76. 

^ Kalokerinos A, Dettman G (July 1976). "Sudden death in infancy syndrome in Western Australia". Med. J. Aust. 2 (1): 312. PMID 979792. 

^ Donovan J (September 1979). "Vitamin C and cot death: where is the evidence?". Med. J. Aust. 2 (6): 311. PMID 522763. 

^ Holborow P (April 1980). "Sudden infant death syndrome". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33 (4): 7301. PMID 7361687. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/33/4/730. "There has been some controversy about the role of Vitamin C in cot death.". 

^ Cheraskin E (October 1995). "Vitamin C, smoking and SIDS". J R Soc Health 115 (5): 332. PMID 7473510. 

^ Dick A, Ford R (November 2009). "Cholinergic and oxidative stress mechanisms in sudden infant death syndrome". Acta Paediatr. 98 (11): 176875. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01476.x. PMID 19706020. 

^ Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Mitchell EA (November 2002). "Mattresses, microenvironments, and multivariate analyses". BMJ 325 (7371): 9812. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7371.981. PMID 12411332. PMC 1124537. http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12411332. 

^ "Cot Life 2000 aims to eliminate cot". Cotlife2000.co.nz. http://www.cotlife2000.co.nz/. Retrieved 2009-10-15. 

^ See FSID Press release.

^ cotlife2000.co.nz Errors and fallacies in the UK Limerick Report: an overview, Cot Life 2000

^ Katz DM (2005). "Regulation of respiratory neuron development by neurotrophic and transcriptional signaling mechanisms". Respiratory physiology & neurobiology 149 (1-3): 99109. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2005.02.007. PMID 16203214. 

^ ICPA - SIDS Research

^ See http://wonder.cdc.gov and http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=whosis,inds,mort&language=english for data on SIDS by gender in the U.S. and throughout the world.

^ Mage DT, Donner EM (September 2004). "The fifty percent male excess of infant respiratory mortality". Acta Paediatr. 93 (9): 12105. doi:10.1080/08035250410031305. PMID 15384886. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0803-5253&date=2004&volume=93&issue=9&spage=1210. 

^ See the data found at http://wonder.cdc.gov for 9ICD 911-912 and 10ICD W79-W80 for death rates from inhalation of food and foreign objects by sex.

^ Osmond C, Murphy M (October 1988). "Seasonality in the sudden infant death syndrome". Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2 (4): 33745. PMID 3072532. 

^ Glatt, John (2000). Cradle of Death: A Shocking True Story of a Mother, Multiple Murder, and SIDS. Macmillan. ISBN 0312973020. 

^ Havill, Adrian (2002). While Innocents Slept: A Story of Revenge, Murder, and SIDS. Macmillan. ISBN 0312975171,. 

^ Spinelli, Margaret (2003). Infanticide: Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives on Mothers Who Kill. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 27. ISBN 1585620971,. 

^ Stanton J, Simpson A (December 2001). "Murder misdiagnosed as SIDS: a perpetrator's perspective". Arch Dis Child. 85 (6): 4549. doi:10.1136/adc.85.6.454. PMID 11719326. PMC 1719021. http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11719326. 

^ Emery JL (October 1993). "Child abuse, sudden infant death syndrome, and unexpected infant death". Am J Dis Child. 147 (10): 1097100. PMID 8213682. 

^ "Investigation of SIDS". N Engl J Med. 315 (26): 16757. December 1986. PMID 3785340. 

^ Carol Strickland (1997-10-19). "Investigating a Rash of SIDS Deaths, Exposing Infanticide". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A06EED9163FF93AA25753C1A961958260. Retrieved 2008-04-20. 

^ "About Statistics and the Law" (Website). Royal Statistical Society. (2001-10-23) Retrieved on 2007-09-22

^ Klonoff-Cohen H, Lam PK, Lewis A (July 2005). "Outdoor carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sudden infant death syndrome". Arch Dis Child. 90 (7): 7503. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.057091. PMID 15970620. 

^ Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Vaccines http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/sids_faq.html

^ Thomas H. Maugh II (2007) ([dead link] Scholar search). Hearing loss may foretell SIDS risk. http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-sids28jul28,1,2214491.story?track=rss. 

^ Alastruey J, Sherwin SJ, Parker KH, Rubens DD (July 2009). "Placental transfusion insult in the predisposition for SIDS: a mathematical study". Early Hum. Dev. 85 (7): 4559. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.04.001. PMID 19446412. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-3782(09)00060-7. 

^ Pelayo R, Owens J, Mindell J, Sheldon S (March 2006). "Bed sharing with unimpaired parents is not an important risk for sudden infant death syndrome: to the editor". Pediatrics 117 (3): 9934; author reply 9946. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2748. PMID 16510694. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/117/3/993.pdf. 

^ Pelligra R, Doman G, Leisman G (July 2005). "A reassessment of the SIDS Back to Sleep Campaign". Scientific World Journal 5: 5507. doi:10.1100/tsw.2005.71. PMID 16075152. http://cgi.thescientificworld.co.uk/cgi-bin/processHtml.pl?Id=2005.03.71.html&format=Dreamweaver. 

^ a b Jones MW (2004). "Supine and Prone Infant Positioning: A Winning Combination". J Perinat Educ 13 (1): 1020. doi:10.1624/105812404X109357. PMID 17273371. 

^ Carter H, "Flat Out" - The Guardian: Tuesday July 8, 2003.

^ Kordestani RK, Patel S, Bard DE, Gurwitch R, Panchal J (January 2006). "Neurodevelopmental delays in children with deformational plagiocephaly". Plast Reconstr Surg. 117 (1): 20718; discussion 21920. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000185604.15606.e5. PMID 16404269. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00006534-200601000-00032. 

^ Stevens P, "The Flip Side of Back to Sleep", The O&P Edge.

^ von Hofsten C (June 2004). "An action perspective on motor development". Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 8 (6): 26672. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.04.002. PMID 15165552. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364661304001019. 

^ Sigmundsson H, Haga M (October 2000). "[Children and motor competence]" (in Norwegian). Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 120 (25): 304850. PMID 11109395. 

^ Graham JM, Gomez M, Halberg A, et al. (February 2005). "Management of deformational plagiocephaly: repositioning versus orthotic therapy". J. Pediatr. 146 (2): 25862. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.10.016. PMID 15689920. 

^ Lewak N. "Book Review: SIDS". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158 (4): 405. http://archpedi.highwire.org/cgi/content/full/158/4/405. 

1989 "Sleep and Arousal Synchrony of Co-Sleeping Human Mother-Infant Pairs: Implications for the Study of SIDS." Fourth World Congress of Infant Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (poster session). Lugano, Switzerland. Presented also at 58th Annual Meeting, American Association of P...
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Traveling to Oaxaca With Children

Alvin Starkman, M.A., LL.B

 

Oaxaca has traditionally been known as an adult travel destination, steeped in ruins, colonial churches, museums and a tradition for fine art and handicrafts.  But having been visiting the region regularly since 1991, always with our daughter, and now having been living here for a few years and regularly toured friends and family with young children around the city and outlying sites, without a doubt young families contemplating a visit should set aside any lingering trepidation regarding both the well-being of their young progeny, and their parents’ ability to have at least somewhat of a romantic getaway.

 

Concerns might include wondering if there will be enough sites to hold your child’s interest, if you’ll be able to visit the vestiges of pre-Hispanic civilizations without the kids being bored to death, if you’ll ever be able to sneak away for a dinner on your own, if you’ll have to pay a premium to find accommodations with a pool --- the guarantee of an afternoon swim is always the best bribe --- and the wisdom of perhaps just having a beach vacation and saving Oaxaca for another time when you can do it without the family.

 

Having pondered such considerations from time to time, I can now offer valuable suggestions regarding where to stay even without a pool, what tour routes will definitely hold the interests of children and teens, and what activities exist in and around the city on a regular basis, geared to youthful vacationers. 

 

Where to stay, and swim

 

Suburban Hotel San Felipe is a welcome change from the downtown hustle and bustle…the outdoor pool is in a picturesque setting flecked with rural neighborhoods and rolling hills.  Several friends have also enjoyed Holiday Inn Express, at the north end of the downtown sector.  But many visitors to Oaxaca prefer a more quaint and traditional environment to the somewhat sterile Americanized accommodations  yet can’t rationalize the cost of hotels such as Camino Real or Los Laureles, impressive in their own right. 

 

Most of the smaller family-owned and operated hotels, bed and breakfasts and guest houses do not have pools, but should not be discounted out-of-hand.  Some have made arrangements with nearby pooled hotels for their guests to attend. 

 

Each lodging should be able to point you to alternatives to an on site pool such one of the water parks located along the highways entering the city.  These facilities have pools of varying sizes and depths, large water slides, and other appurtenances to keep the kids there for the better part of a day.  A short taxi ride from downtown are Las Brisas and La Bamba. 

 

There are two additional alternatives.  Consider attending one of several “balnearios” located about a half hour out of Oaxaca in the village of Vista Hermosa, catering to entire families rather than to predominantly children.  During the hot season you’ll find families and friends around the pools, playing volleyball, or sitting under palapas eating an array of local fare available from the small comedors.

 

Then there’s Hierve el Agua, at the end of one of the out-of-town touring routes.  The site consists of two large pools fed by natural bubbling springs, in a spectacular mountain setting with a petrified mineral “waterfall.”  They are safe for kids, and large and deep enough to satisfy the aquatic yearnings of any adult.  Most tourists don’t get to Hierve el Agua, probably because of the distance, but in my book it’s a must for families with children, in particular if it’s done in conjunction with a couple of other stops en route. 

 

Oaxaca relies solely on tourism for its existence, and accordingly accommodations which claim to welcome children should bend over to provide families with “the little things” such as a stroller, crib with accessories, car seat, highchair for use in their dining room, and a reference for a reliable babysitter who can come to the hotel while you’re out for an evening.  At the time Hotel San Felipe provided babysitting when our daughter was pre-teen.  If you search in earnest you should be able to find smaller hotels and guest houses similarly accommodating.  If your child can read and the babysitter has only a limited grasp of English, give your child a series of phonetically prepared questions and suggestions [tén go ám bray (I’m hungry);  key árrow na dár (I want to go swimming)]. If your child is too young, the niñera should have the experience to determine any pressing issues. All lodgings should have an English-speaking doctor on call in the unlikely event of illness. 

 

Two child-friendly tour routes

 

1)  Hierve el Agua:

 

The promise of Hierve el Agua at the end of one of the two main tour routes is the best possible means by which to keep children in check during the first half of this day trip.  On the return to Oaxaca from this site they’ll be sleeping in the back of the car or van, no doubt having been exposed to too much sun and water activity. 

 

Your morning begins with a stop at el Tule, the massive 2000 year old Cyprus tree.  Make sure you get a child tour guide dressed in a Robin Hood suit to show you the innumerable images in the trunk, with the aid of a mirror.  Encourage your children to trade words in English and Spanish with the little Hoodettes.  A key to holding the interest of young children is to give them the opportunity to interact with others of similar ages…and it provides a good lesson in cultural diversity.

 

At Teotitlán del Valle, the rug village, ask your guide to take you to where you can have a demonstration where the weavers’ children and grandchildren will be present.  Your kids will be able to play, touch the raw wool, try spinning it, and even get their hands wet and dyed in large vats of natural vegetable material used in the process of coloring the spun wool.  While you’re searching for a floor covering or wall hanging, let the kids look for a piece with fanciful imagery suitable for their bedroom, or a mini-rug (i.e. woolen coaster) with a fanciful design.  They’ll spend as much time choosing as will you.  Our daughter grew up with periodic visits to Casa Santiago.  It seemed like as Sarah got older, there were always two or three Santiago children or grandchildren on hand to occupy her time and keep her in tow.  One of the Santiago relatives offers an afternoon weaving course, suitable for children eight years of age and older, where children can both learn and make their own small carpet or wall hanging. 

 

If you travel the route on a Sunday, there’s no better place to keep the kids in awe than at the Tlacolula market…the colors, array of sale items, sweets, live turkeys, music, hawkers, and the handicraft market.  It takes at least an hour and a half to get through the market, so the promise of a dishful of ice cream (actually a healthier sorbet referred to as nieve) while in the marketplace does the trick.  One area has several stationary parlors where you can sit and enjoy a cone or plate of one of several tropical fruit flavours.

 

The two main ruins along this route are Yagul and Mitla, the latter more grandiose and famous.  Each has excavated burial chambers to intrigue the most youthful of Tomb Raider.  Since it’s unreasonable to expect children to go to two ruins in one day, regardless of the parenting tactics employed, I would opt for Yagul.  It has two tombs which can be descended by all.  There’s a labyrinth in which the kids can run around and get temporarily lost.  Children tend to enjoy climbing the steep mountain pass leading to a fortress.  At the top there’s what archaeologists claim is a bathtub hewn out of stone in which the kids will enjoy sitting. Finally, the site should be of interest to all adults, with its pre-Hispanic ball court and vista of the valley from the pinnacle of the fortress.  It might be blasphemous to even suggest, but thinking of young children in particular, why not save Mitla for another trip.  After all, you’re probably going to schlep them to Monte Albán, the granddaddy of the region’s ruins. 

 

Unless you forego some the sites already noted, you probably won’t have time to visit the zoo along this highway, nor should you feel compelled to do so.  The kids can always go to the zoo back home. 

 

Regardless of which of the two roadways you take to get to Hierve el Agua, your final destination, you’ll pass goats, sheep and/or cattle being herded either at the side the road or right in front of you dictating that you yield to the flocks.  Stop and encourage the kids to get out with you.  Ask if it’s safe to hop on the back of one of the beasts or at least stand alongside for the photo op.

 

There are reliable restaurants both en route to Hierve el Agua (i.e. Doña Chica at Mitla, and  roadside El Tigre at the cutoff to San Lorenzo Albarradas) as well as at the site, but if you tend to be extra cautious with the children, there are benches at the pools where you can eat your own picnic lunch.  Alternatively you can relax and munch away while sitting on the rock outcroppings.

 

The more you permit your kids to swim, the greater your assurance that the ride back to the city will be peaceful, relaxing, and above all quiet.

 

 

 

2)  Crafts and more crafts:

 

San Bartolo Coyotepec provides an extremely appealing beginning to another full day of touring.  At one of the many workshops, watch a demonstration of the ancient craft of making fine black pottery without the use of a wheel or modern tools.  This artistry should hold the attention of children of all ages.  However, for further  assurance ask your guide to take you to a studio such as Doña Rosa, where Maestro Don Valente permits children to go off to a table close to the demonstration and  work with  the very same clay.  While the children are dirtying their hands while molding, you’ll be learning how to fashion a bowl out of freshly mined clay, water, heat, and little more.  Browse the showroom and select from a broad array of both sleek and modern, and traditional pieces, while the kids look for ceramic forms of their favorite animals.

 

In nearby San Martín Tilcajete, some of the workshops producing carved and brilliantly painted wooden animals permit you to make advance arrangements for your children to select and then paint the animal of their choice, with guidance from one of the facility owners.  Once again there will likely be an opportunity for the children to chase after and pet animals and play with kids of their own age.

 

For lunch, try Azucena Zapoteca, on the highway at the entrance to San Martín Tilcajete.  The food is good, traditional and safe, and the grounds are spacious and include a swing set to occupy your children, within your site range, while you dine.

 

The village of Santo Tomás Jalieza is known for production of cotton table runners, placemats, napkins, belts and purses using the primitive back strap loom, and bedspreads and tablecloths using much larger machinery.  One of the cultural experiences for children in this setting will be noticing how their counterparts from about 10 years of age  help with the family trade and its financial sustenance.

 

At Ocotlán you’ll drop by the homes of the Aguilar sisters, who fashion clay painted figures with scenes representative of markeplaces, religious imagery, comedic love depictions and colorful fiestas. At least one of the workshops generally has a quantity of unpainted figures on which each child can express his own creativity. 

 

Finally, a couple of minutes down the road your family will have an opportunity to witness Ängel Aguilar hand-forge knives and cutlery using only recycled metals in a rudimentary hearth.  The setting is fascinating, primitive, and safe for the kids. In only a few minutes, right before your eyes, Ängel can engrave your child’s name and a fanciful drawing on a souvenir knife with a 1 inch blade and leather sheath, and more importantly the inscription can be whatever your child selects.  

 

If you follow this itinerary on Friday, you’ll have an opportunity to wander through the Ocotlán market, similar to the Sunday Tlacolula market, though smaller.

 

Each of these two routes has additional stops, but this particular selection highlights sites which maximize experiences which your children will recall for a lifetime.    

 

And don’t forget the city

 

Throughout the year there numerous local and international celebrations, with color and pageantry, song and dance, some specifically designed with a youthful audience in mind.  The website http://www.oaxacacalendar.com  should be consulted just before leaving for your trip.  In addition to listing weekly events such as where and when the mariachis and the state band of Oaxaca can be heard, as well as particulars of a number of museums and galleries, it details specific upcoming fiestas and performances, when the Guerreros baseball team will be playing (a treat for sports enthusiasts of all ages), fireworks displays and most major upcoming events. 

 

A Saturday morning bilingual hour for children is held at the Oaxaca Lending library ( http://www.oaxlibrary.com ).  The library sometimes sponsors additional programs for children. From mid-July to mid-August there is a summer camp offered in San Felipe for kids of all ages, and seasonally there are courses and similar offerings through the Textile Museum.  Art and music classes are also available. 

 

Many of the Spanish language schools have a specific curriculum for kids, so if you’re contemplating brushing up on your Spanish, there’s no need to worry about how the children’s morning time will be occupied.  Casa de La Cultura also offers courses for children.  Finally, there are a number of charitable organizations where foreign youth are given an opportunity to assist disadvantaged or struggling local children.

 

Speak to your tour guide or hotel manager for more specific suggestions geared to children of particular ages and passions.  Youths with a strong interest in the fine arts might be thrilled to visit workshops of a couple of local artists, or perhaps go on an alternate tour out of the city which takes in the studio of a sculptor, a hand-made artistic paper factory, and the Center for The Arts housed in a 19th century mill.  For those who have been sensitized to environmental issues or who have been exposed to camping and the outdoors, the family can spend a couple of days in a rustic mountain setting in the Sierra Norte…hiking, biking, horseback riding, and learning about how particular industries in the state are making inroads in terms of environmentally friendly production. 

 

The options are innumerable.  It’s simply a matter of doing a bit of homework, asking, and then committing yourself to a vacation dedicated in large part to your children.  The inevitable rewards will include your own memories of the region’s richness and cultural diversity, and a greater appreciation of the magic of Oaxaca.  

About the Author

Alvin Starkman received his Masters in Social Anthropology in 1978. After teaching for a few years he attended Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, thereafter embarking upon a career as a litigator until 2004. Alvin now resides in Oaxaca, where he writes, leads small group tours to the villages, markets, ruins and other sites, is a consultant to film production companies, and operates Casa Machaya Oaxaca Bed & Breakfast. ( http://www.oaxacadream.com ) .

Valco Baby Latitude Twin Stroller Clay

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Wooden High Chairs- How To select The Best

The wooden high chairs have long been used not only for the toddlers and small babies but also in the public places like restaurant and bars. Before making a purchase you should find out basic information on the high chairs as well as their various kinds; so that you can buy the most suitable one for your home.

Gone are the days when these high chairs used to be manufactured from only wooden varnish or ply material. Nowadays these chairs come in different vibrant colors as well as various kinds of woods depending upon the buyer's requirement. A wooden high chair gives a classy look and adds colors to your interior decor. Following are some types of high chairs you can find in the wooden variety:

• The standard wooden high chairs, which come for the infants, are the most popular ones, even though these are not easily portable because of their heavy weight. Since these chairs are available in different designs; one can arrange them in the dining area or even in the sitting area.

• Various chairs come with stackable wood make. These seem more useful as they do not cover a large area and can be kept secure in parts when not in use. But misplacing of the parts or unavailability of a certain damaged part is often a problem.

• The wooden chairs with an option of changeable height are of course popular especially if it is bought for the toddlers at home. These chairs can be adjusted according to the height and stature of the child.

• Some manufacturers offer portable high chairs as well which are made up of wood instead of plastic. These are given unique shapes such as rocking horse etc.

Apart from the other specified wooden high chairs, some chairs also come with fixed cushions. Though, these are a good option when considering the comfort but it is always better to buy a separate cushion which can be washed or covered.

Since the chairs that are used in the restaurants and bars are meant for adults, therefore they come with fixed height and in different colours to suit the interior of the place. The chairs are also available in attractive shapes as well so that you can give some creative touch to your house or restaurant.

Though the wooden high chairs are also offered on the online shopping sites, but keeping in mind the criteria of durability, safety etc. it is always advisable to personally visit a showroom when buying such products. If you would like more information on Wooden High Chairs, then please visit our web site at http://www.stokkehighchairreview.com/

About the Author

Inglesina Zuma Baby Highchair

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A Brief Look At Gliders

Outdoor Glider is an excellent garden or yard or patio décor.  Modern glider has streamlined body and slender wings.  Glider uses updrafts of air and gravity to keep flying. Before selecting a glider, enough space around the garden or patio to fit the glider must be located. Gliders are always delightful.  Children enjoy gliders very much.  Friendship can be enjoyed by entertaining friends through a ride in the glider at the garden.  Wooden gliders made up of teak or cedar wood is very popular.    Children when entering a park or garden first will see the glider spot only. Different types of glider and swing sets are available both in wooden and metal.  Wooden glider and swing sets are widely used.   Some of the wooden gym glider and swing set has lookout tower, monkey bars, two or three seater glider and a small front ladder or rope ladder.

Loveseat Garden Glider with white cedar wood is fit for any porch or yard or lawn.  Gliders made up of Teak or Cedar wood is durable, strong and light weighed.  This is also free from fungal or rust. These gliders can be placed as a nice outdoor décor and can withstand any weather.  The kith and kin and friends have a nice gliding time  at the patio or garden.

Marvelous Deluxe Glider includes a canopy top and coated nicely with natural look.  The outdoor gliders are durable and grow old for generations. Nice looking gliders are not alone enough, they should be purposeful.   Normally three, four and five feet gliders are made.  Investing on best quality gliders will serve for generations.  The gliders must be fitted with strong beams or roof so that frequent swing can be supported very well.  Caring the glider is also most important.  Periodical inspection of the joints the glider and swing sets and no joints get loosen.   Frequent polishing the wooden gliders and cleaning it with cotton is enough.  Bleaching should not be done on glider swing set. Beautiful porch glider swing sets allows you to take a deep rest and think nice memories and of course, dreaming.  Beautifully designed garden swing gliders provide cool and comfort seating.  These gliders have come out with natural finish and brass hardware. Garden Gliders with good materials and craftsmanship with zinc plated hardware is highly suitable and makes a complete garden or yard. Glider sets with poly wood recycled plastic in different colors are also available. Gliders with cast aluminum rust free design, powder coated Bronze finish, stainless steel hardware and brown cushion seats looks elegant.

Gliders with footrests, rockers, swings, tables and chairs made up of different types of wood with high back, lattice back are very unique and popular. Colorful Garden gliders with canopy roof with centre table offers garden convenience and comforts.  Gliders with white teak or cedar have natural resistance to water and weather. Comfortable relaxation by gently gliding back and forth and recalling childhood delight is fascinating.  Cedar and Teak wood glider sets are both sustainable and resistant to weather, insects and wear.

About the Author

Learn about frost proof gardenia and pruning gardenias at the Gardenia Care site.

Top Ten Baby Cradle Swings

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Baby Travel System - The Most Comfortable Way Of Traveling With Your Baby

A baby travel system generally consists of a cushioned infant seat shaped a little like a cradle, which is fastened to the car seat with the use of a seat belt. Travel systems for baby are designed to protect the life of the infant in the event of an accident. They are built in such a way as to absorb the impact of a head on collision, and the attachment of the seat belt to stop the infant seat from being violently propelled forward, a likely event in roadside accidents. When selecting a travel system, it is recommended as a parent to look for something that the baby will feel comfortable and at ease in. Long rides in a car seat, as most parents know, can seem intolerable for very young children. As such, it makes sense to look for a travel system which will minimize discomfort and maybe even feel a little bit like the cozy crib in which the baby loves to play in. In this regard an individual is recommended to look for travel systems which feature colorful designs and smooth, soft fabric liners that will not cause any skin rashes.

Travel systems for baby are usually sold along with pushchairs as a set, and are available in many different shapes, designs, and colors, although their basic purpose remains the same. Smart buys in case of this product include the Safety 1st Acella Travel Sport System Stroller, which comes in at around 160 USD, or the slightly more expensive Chicco Cortina Coventry Travel System, sold at a variety of popular online stores for around 300 USD.

Some pushchairs are ideally designed for use on off road terrains and other surfaces that are not as smooth as pavement or sidewalks. Pushchairs designed for uses such as these are called baby joggers or baby jogger strollers. Baby joggers are commonly built with the incorporation of a sleek aerodynamic design and smooth bearings in the wheels, allowing the runner maneuvering the pushchair to maintain a steady pace without compromising on the stability factor. This is an excellent system that gives parents an opportunity to get some healthy cardiovascular exercise, and gives the baby a chance to catch some fresh air and sunlight. Baby jogger strollers come highly recommended for those parents dedicated to an active lifestyle.

Pushchairs can be purchased as singles or built specifically for twins or multiples. Twin or double pushchairs are built with the seats side by side. Tandem pushchairs are built with the seats facing forward and in some cases facing each other. They are narrower as compared to the double or twin pushchairs although they still have their own unique advantages.

About the Author

Pushchair123 is one of the leading shopping centre for Pushchairs, Baby Prams etc.

Double Strollers Travel System

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Unique and Personal Baby Shower Themes

Themes for parties tumble in all directions, but a baby shower begins with one common denominator, babies. Sit down with a notebook and pen, start writing down words that come to mind when the word “baby” is spoken. The mind conjures up images that provide a multitude of ideas. Babies: lullaby, rocking, sweet, gentle, tiny animals, storybooks and their characters, downy soft, sunny, silly, and whimsical are a few words associated with babies. Add to the list of words specific things you know about mom and dad to be. Perhaps they love the outdoors, gardening, camping, or hiking. It could be a family that finds music and playing instruments to be an important part of their life. A sports family with riotous good humor who believe nothing is better on a hot July night than going to a baseball game. Incorporate what you know about the family with words associated with baby to come up with a very personal theme.

A Sunny Lullaby Baby Shower Theme

A family that listens to Mozart and plays Gershwin on the piano would find a lullaby theme music to their ears. Choose a second word from the list that brings to mind color or touch such as soft or sunny. A Sunny Lullaby Shower would be personal and charming. A Sunny Lullaby Shower brings to mind all shades of yellow, soft creams, and if you know if the baby is a boy or girl you could bring blue or pink into the palette. Start jotting down ideas like having the cake decorated with a cradle in the middle a huge smiling sun and tiny musical notes in all the colors of the palette chosen. Decorate around the theme using suns, babies, and musical notes. If games will be included borrow the premises of the game show “Name That Tune” using lullabies or nursery songs instead of popular tunes. While serving cake and punch play soft lullabies or classical music suited for a baby shower. Music stores carry loads of music for babies or children.

A Fairy Baby Shower

Gardeners and outdoorsmen would find a garden fairy shower to be enchanting and whimsical. The colors of nature come to mind with thoughts of garden fairies: greens, yellows, lavenders, and the iridescent flash of wings. A shower held outdoors on a deck, patio, or even in or near a garden would be a perfect setting for this theme. All things small and botanical could be used. Pressed flowers found at hobby stores like Michael’s could be used to decorate invitations. Fresh flower arrangements with tiny fairies perched among the flowers would create a darling centerpiece. Fairy cakes and nectar (punch) could be part of the refreshments served. There are books galore relating the tales and legends of the wee folk. With a little research A Fairy Baby Shower would make a charming theme.

Zoo Babies Shower

Think about the joys visiting a zoo brings to little ones. Take the wild animal theme and tame it down to become a Zoo Babies Shower. Colors could be as soft as the pink of a flamingo to the cream of a kangaroo’s tummy, or the calm gray of newborn elephant. Call friends and family to gather as many stuffed zoo animals as you can for decoration. Stickers of every kind are available at craft stores and could be used to make fun invitations. Ask the cake decorator to create a wonderful baby animal scene on the cake. Games might include name that animal with only a portion of the animal showing. The possibilities are as endless as the imagination.

Animals on Parade Baby Shower

Two things that children everywhere love are animals and parades. Combine the two for a party with rollicking good fun. The primary colors, red, blue, yellow, green, and orange come to mind with thoughts of Animals on Parade. Kittens, puppies, silly geese, tiny mice, a white goat, a gentle brown cow all marching to band music brings smiles and giggles to faces. Expand on the theme by having a cake decorated with animals clutching bright balloons.

Storybook Themed Showers

Browse through any storybook to spark the imagination. Jot down ideas while reading the story. Take note of the colors used in the stories to create a palette for decorations and favors. A few suggestions follow.

Eloise Baby Shower

The book, Eloise, by Kay Thompson allows a glimpse into the world of a little girl living in the Plaza Hotel in New York City. Read the book and then develop an entire baby shower around Eloise’s escapades. Colors would be “rawther” Eloise, deep pink, a lighter shade of pink and a touch of black. This theme would be especially great for a city baby.

Tasha Tudor Theme

A theme surrounding Tasha Tudor, a beloved children’s book illustrator, would incorporate children, animals, nature. Books she’s written and illustrated such as Pumpkin Moonshine, A is for Annabelle (an alphabet book), and Corgiville Fair could be used as guidelines.

Dr. Seuss Theme

Choose any of Dr. Seuss’s wild, whacky rhyming stories as a theme. From the charm of Horton Hears a Who to Green Eggs and Ham or the perennial favorite The Cat in the Hat fun showers themes could be gleaned. Green Eggs and Ham is everything green, punch, food, decorations. Invent a game of where is Sam-I-Am using the book as a guide.

Draw inspiration from libraries, bookstores, children’s clothing shops, a park, or anywhere that attracts babies and their families. Once the motivation sets in the imagination takes over and unique, personal baby shower themes will come to life. The fun is in the planning and the satisfaction in the face of a mother to be when she walks in to the shower and finds herself whisked into the wonder of baby enchantment.

About the Author

S Canfield, owner of Accent the Party selling many different types and themes of unique wedding party favors, bridal shower favors, baby shower favors and party favors.

TOP 5 Baby Annabell Clothes Bestseller

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Pink Ringtones - Funhouse Ringtone

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Funhouse Ringtone by Pink is one of the hottest ringtones in North America right now. Pink Ringtones are a great choice for your mobile phone. Download Funhouse Ringtone by Pink today. Pink Ringtones - Funhouse Ringtone

Funhouse has reached the top 50 of the iTunes Top Songs Chart and Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart. Funhouse is the new single by Pink and is becoming one of the most popular songs of the year. Pink has released some incredible songs in the past few months, but Funhouse is definitely one of the best. You can also watch the Funhouse music video on YouTube or other internet video websites. Don't wait - get the Funhouse Ringtone and other Pink Ringtones on your phone now!

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If you are a fan of Pink, click on the link above and register to get Pink Ringtones for your phone. Funhouse is an awesome single and is the perfect choice for your next cell phone ringtone. The Funhouse Ringtone works with most major American mobile phone carriers and some international carriers as well. Whether you use AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile or any other mobile carrier, check out Pink Ringtones and get the coolest ringtones on your phone by clicking on the link above and signing up. Don't wait, get Pink Ringtones for your phone now. If you're looking for a new ringtone for your phone, the Funhouse Ringtone is the perfect choice!

About the Author

Mango Tango Polyester Faux Suede Pet Carrier - Pink